Word: processes
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Dates: during 2000-2009
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...part of the refining process, oil companies use electric fields to separate the oil and water both present when oil is drilled. That process of electrocoalescence, an amped-up version of what naturally occurs with oil and vinegar in salad dressing, uses electric fields to make oppositely charged water drops coalesce with one other, which helps fully separate them from...
...Bird said the findings suggest this process will only work up to a certain voltage...
...Nobel is Obama's for effort only, at best. The Arab-Israeli peace process is in disarray: after eight months of concerted effort by the U.S., talks have yet to begin, as both sides are stuck on whether Israel will freeze its expansion settlements in occupied Palestinian territory (so far, it has said it won't). Relations with the Muslim world have improved, at least by the measure of international poll numbers, but they have not advanced peace (or American interests) yet: Arab states are still resisting recognizing Israel, contributing to the problems besetting peace talks there. (See pictures...
...decision - or precisely why. For all the attention focused on its annual award, the Nobel committee is a cloistered, enigmatic operation, as hard to read as the Soviet Politburo. While its website - the only source of information the organization provides to outsiders - broadly explains the nominating and selection process, it does little to illuminate inscrutable details like what criteria defines the eventual winner, and just who weighs in on the choice. Identities of non-winning candidates - and those who submitted their names, as well as the winner - remain secret for 50 years. (See pictures of President Obama's first eight...
Meanwhile, if the criteria and selection process for the peace award appears a bit hazy, those in the other areas are far from uniform either. Notes Philippe Valode, a French historian and author of a book on France's six Nobel winners in various categories; "Criteria for the scientific award are fairly clear and consistent, while those for economics are mostly firm - but open to subjectivity when social considerations factor in," Valode says. "Literature must have broad messages and allure to world-wide readers, But - being about art - a lot of creativity goes into the selection process, too. When...