Word: programed
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...Program for Harvard Science, which includes the construction of the new science center, has provided $1.5 million...
...present time there is one program planner in the City's Bureau of the Budget exploring the possibility of an "economic and social report of the Mayor" that would be comparable to the President's annual economic report. The difficulty of such a task is immensely complicated by the lack of a sophisticated understanding of the urban economy and social structure. In New York City, this lack of sophistication reflects a lack of data rather than brainpower...
Lindsay probably has as bright a group of advisers, assistants, and program planners as exists in any federal, state, or local bureaucracy today. What is lacking in New York, but to a much lesser extent in Washington, is meaningfully organized economic and social data to begin knowing what optimal policy is and how to implement it, even if it can't yet be achieved because of other institutional constraints...
...fiscal gap" is said to occur when, as metropolitan income rises, revenue from a given local tax structure (at fixed rates) grows more slowly than expenditures required for a given program structure (at fixed quality). In "economies," the elasticity of taxes with respect to income is less than the elasticity of expenditures...
This fiscal gap substantially accounts for the "political theatre" of the "battle of the bulging budget." The tendency for costs to exceed taxes requires periodic adjustments to annually balance the local budget (as required by law), either by downgrading program quality, raising tax rates, or increasing dependence on outside aid. Usually some combination of all three types of adjustment is used, leading to cries of distress from three overlapping groups: public service recipients, City taxpayers, and State (and to a much lesser extent, Federal) taxpayers...