Word: projected
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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Scientists uniformly hail the appointment. Says immunogeneticist Leroy Hood of the California Institute of Technology: "Jim Watson has enormous experience in science politics, and superb taste. By sheer force of personality, he'll see that the project is run in an appropriate manner." Watson will need those skills to guide an effort that has generated controversy ever since its inception three years ago. The project aims to identify the specific site of every gene that sits on the 46 chromosomes in human cells; of an estimated 100,000 human genes, only 1,400 have been mapped...
...federal project also plans to analyze sections of the genome to determine the precise order or sequence of the four chemicals -- adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine -- that make up the DNA chains. So far, only about 600 genes have been sequenced. Information from these efforts is expected to help in developing diagnostic tests and even cures for the 3,500 disorders such as cystic fibrosis and sickle-cell anemia that are known to be caused by genetic defects, and those in which heredity has a major influence, including heart disease and cancer...
...project has caused a deep rift in the biomedical community, largely because of fears that it would divert scarce research funds. Mapping and sequencing the genome is expected to take at least 15 years and to cost $200 million annually. Another concern: Which federal agency is to lead the effort, the Department of Energy or the National Institutes of Health? Biomedical researchers have been worried that DOE, which entered the project out of interest in the effects of radiation on DNA, would stress technological achievements at the expense of scientific discovery. DOE scientists, on the other hand, have complained that...
Tensions, however, have eased in recent months. In February a committee of the National Academy of Sciences strongly endorsed the project. Currently, NIH and DOE are hammering out a memo of understanding that will lay out how the two agencies will work together. Watson's appointment is certain to erase any lingering fears among bioscientists; his presence ensures that NIH will not take a backseat to any other agency. Says Nobelist David Baltimore, director of M.I.T.'s Whitehead Institute and once an outspoken critic of the federal genome project: "I'm convinced that with Watson as a guiding force, there...
Like Bush, he is a son of privilege. But the native Texan Baker -- a man who can look natural wearing an elegant suit while chewing a wad of Red Man tobacco -- manages to display the image of Eastern polish mixed with Southwestern earthiness that Bush looks silly trying to project. The family law firm, Baker & Botts, which his great-grandfather joined in 1872, is one of the largest and most prestigious in Houston. Baker was educated at the Hill ! School in Pennsylvania and at Princeton, earned a law degree at the University of Texas, and served in the Marines. Because...