Word: proofing
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...Gaulle that West Germany would be delighted to have the French troops remain, and he "hoped and expected" that some sort of agreement would be worked out in the next six months. In a way, it happens to be true. Foreign troops stationed on West German soil offer proof to the world that West Germany has no militarist ambitions...
...just acquitted all twelve defendants. A judge cannot decide obscenity cases merely upon "his own predilections and prejudices," he said. "When a judge condemns without evidence, he is acting not as a court of law but as a censor. I decline that role." Holding that the burden of proof in obscenity cases was still fully upon the prosecutor, Judge Greene dismissed all charges because "the prosecutor failed in these cases to prove a vital element of the offenses...
Unlike the requirement in criminal cases, proof that defendant was the "but for" cause need not be beyond a reasonable doubt; a "preponderance" of credible evidence will do, and common-sense assumptions are permissible. Though a child might have drowned anyway, for instance, the absence of a lifeguard is presumed to be significant in the alleged negligence of a swimming-pool owner...
...common-sense assumptions in situations where only experts are competent to judge causation. In the Deutsch case, for example, the jury was not permitted to assume that brain damage resulted from the repressed birth, and medical testimony was essential. All this makes the plaintiff's burden of proof exceedingly hard to carry when the effect appears long after the cause-for example, in radiation sickness or in lung cancer allegedly caused by cigarettes. Things get really complex when there may be two or more possibly equal causes. Example: A dies from the simultaneous effects of a shooting...
...Federal Government has new, convincing statistical proof that the nation's public schools are still segregated -and that the result is inequality of educational opportunity for Negro children. The evidence comes from a new Office of Education survey, 18 months in the making, of more than 4,000 elementary and high schools, 60,000 teachers and 645,000 students across the U.S. It shows that 80% of white children in first grade attend schools that are 90% or more white, while 65% of all Negro first-graders attend schools that are nine-tenths Negro...