Word: proofing
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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Some state health officials and certain colleges have resolved the campus measles problem by requiring all matriculating students to show proof of immunization. Since the outbreak, Principia has begun a vaccination program, but only on a voluntary basis, since Christian Science teachings reject such medical measures. State authorities meanwhile clamped a quarantine on the school, confining all students to campus until the epidemic ends. At Boston University, as students departed last week for their spring-break idylls, they were instructed by school officials not to return without certificates of immunization...
Representatives of several area colleges, including Harvard, will meet today with state lawmakers to voice concern over a proposed bill which would make it illegal for them to admit students who do not provide proof of measles and other immunizations...
...revoke or not to renew licenses, the burden of proof of bad service now lies with the city," according to Peter Pratt, who works for the cable regulators lobby. There is a risk that cities will get stuck with bad, unresponsive cable operators, he said...
Thus the court adopted a new, higher standard of proof that public officials would have to meet as plaintiffs: they would have to prove "actual malice" on the part of the journalist. That meant something far more sweeping than political opposition or personal ill will; malice was defined as, at minimum, publishing a story despite having substantial doubt beforehand that it was true. At the time, this distinction was considered effective immunity for any responsible news organization. The actual malice standard, it appeared, simply left the door open a crack for suits by public officials against scandal sheets...
...officials will require students to show proof within one day after returning from spring vocation--which begins today--that they have had the disease or have been immunized. Failure to do so will result in disciplinary action...