Word: protectionist
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...could be hell at the office the day after a Juve loss. But by the 1990s, the carmaking world faced a transformed playing field. Always an advocate of a united Europe, Agnelli eventually fell victim to the European Union's new requirements for open competition. After enjoying decades of protectionist policy from Rome, Fiat was not competitive. Its share of the Italian auto market fall from 60% to 39% in the late 1990s. This, says Dallocchio, is the Agnelli he wants his students to ignore: "Fiat always had an important shield from any competition. Agnelli always made sure...
...Although the country's showcase export industries such as automobiles and electronics have redefined competitiveness and economic advantage worldwide, the country's far-larger domestic sectors?construction, retailing, agriculture, health care and financial services, among others?have languished. Shielded from competition by a tangle of government subsidies, tariffs and protectionist policies, the nation's domestic manufacturers and services have hardly changed?let alone improved?for decades. What may have once been an enlightened government plank to promote universal employment back when Japan really was a developing country is now backfiring massively. The high prices and poor consumer satisfaction that Japanese...
...watchword for exporters, the government sought universal employment and stability at home. With coffers flush from the nation's high personal-savings rate, the government launched massive public-works projects designed to rebuild a smashed infrastructure, provide jobs and spur internal demand. For the domestic industries, Japan pursued consistently protectionist, anti-competitive policies, with the intention of keeping as many companies afloat as possible. "Ten percent of the country was allowed to be capitalist, and the other 90% was socialist," says Eisuke Sakakibara, director of the Global Security Research Center at Keio University and a former vice minister of finance...
...tariffs. As a result, the country's GDP is growing at more than 5% and it is tied for fourth (with Ireland, among others, ironically enough) in the Heritage Foundation's index of economic freedom. Perversely, in order to join the E.U., Estonia will be required to become more protectionist - reimposing several thousand tariffs it had previously abolished. Employers grouse about workplace regulations, from paid vacations to health and safety standards, designed for countries whose GDP per head is three times greater than theirs. Even though their refurbished roads bear signs saying brought to you by the E.U., only...
...presidency based on moral principles requires consistency, and Bush has not always displayed it. He calls for democracy in Iraq and Palestine--but not in such U.S.-friendly autocracies as Saudi Arabia. He is an avowed free-trader, but he has boosted domestic farm subsidies and protectionist tariffs on foreign steel. He has had to abandon many foreign policy campaign pronouncements in favor of policies closer to the allies'. He at first opposed international peacekeepers for Afghanistan but then agreed; at first opposed extending their mandate but then agreed; at first barred U.S. troops from joining the peacekeepers...