Word: proteins
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Cornish farmer Stephen Angwin had been troubled by the number of hobbling heifers among his herd of Friesian cattle. The high-protein diet required by modern dairy farming stimulates extra growth in the hooves, making them vulnerable to cracking during the cows' winter confinement in concrete-floored farmyards. So Angwin called up the Gates Rubber Co. in Scotland, maker of the chic Wellies, which designed a buckled, foot-high Hobble Boot with a sole in the shape of a hoof. Angwin has ordered 500 boots at $24 each, and estimates he will save roughly $1,800 a year on veterinary...
...however, Michel was able to isolate the protein cluster from the membrane and concentrate it into its crystalline form. For the next three years, at Huber's direction, the researchers used X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of the protein cluster's 10,000 atoms. The laborious research opens the possibility that someday scientists will be able to produce solar cells that mimic the design of photosynthesizing molecules...
...working on drugs that affect the growth of the virus," Hirsch says. Over the summer, Med School researchers discovered that a natural protein, which they can synthesize chemically, inhibits growth of HIV in laboratory cultures by preventing the virus from attaching to cells. The drug, called CD-4, is now being tested in people for the first time...
...drugs so far developed for AIDS patients, the one called CD4 is unique: it is the first substance designed specifically to combat the human immunodeficiency virus, which causes AIDS. A synthetic copy of a natural protein, CD4 prevents the deadly virus from entering and infecting healthy cells. While it cannot destroy the invader, scientists hope that CD4 can neutralize its ability to attack the human immune system. Says Samuel Broder, a National Cancer Institute researcher who is a leader in AIDS drug development: "It is one of the most important steps we have ever been able to take...
Developed by South San Francisco's Genentech, Inc., the CD4 currently in clinical trials is a copy of a protein that is anchored in the surface of cells known as T-4 lymphocytes. These cells are a pillar of the immune system and a key target for the AIDS virus. Natural CD4 attracts gp120, a molecule on the surface of the AIDS virus. In the usual course of the disease, the virus uses the natural CD4 to attach itself to a T-4 cell, which it invades and ultimately destroys. Synthetic CD4, however, acts as a decoy by latching onto...