Word: proton
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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This led to the development of an extremely important modern instrument: the Cherenkov counter. It is made of some transparent substance such as Lucite. When a proton, electron or other charged particle enters it at a speed that is greater than the speed of light in the material, Cherenkov radiation is given off. Its angle (like the angle of a ship's bow wave) depends on the speed of the particle. When the angle is measured by a photomultiplier tube, the speed of the particles can be determined...
...electron machine in the world. Its maximum energy of 6 billion electron volts is approximately five times as great as that of the largest accelerators now in operation--one at Cal Tech and the other at Cornell. The largest accelerator of any kind is the 30 billion electron volt proton accelerator under construction at the Atomic Energy Commission's Brookhaven laboratories on Long Island...
Meanwhile, the mass undergoes a similar increase: the rest mass of a proton is 1800 times as great as that of an electron; by the end of an accelerator experiment, says Livingston, an electron may become "over 6 times as heavy as a proton." In other words, the mass of the electron is increased 12,000 fold; thus, Livingston notes, many physicists half-seriously call the machine a "ponderator...
...Heavy shielding may also be unnecessary, suggested Physicist S. Fred Singer of the University of Maryland. He believes the belt starts at 250 miles beyond earth, stops at 40,000 miles, is most intense above the equator and weakest above the poles. He theorizes that it consists of protons, trapped by the earth's magnetic field, which spiral around lines of magnetic force at right angles. Thus a manned vehicle (launched near the poles) might carry a lightweight shielding ring to avoid proton concentrations, or use magnetic screening to repel them. Also possible: a satellite designed to "sweep...
...theorizes that they may all be multiples or combinations of only two: pairs of the negatively charged electron and the positively charged electron (positron). Reason is his discovery of two key particle ratios: that between the mass of mu and pi mesons, and that between the mass of the proton and sigma hyperon. Each proves to equal TT divided by four; this produces a new constant (1.12888), based on the inverse of the square root of TT divided by four, which Grebe calls "g." This tool "opens the door," produces a periodic table of particles similar to Mendeleev...