Word: proton
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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According to Linsley's calculations, the primary ray that caused all the ruckus must have had 100 billion billion electron-volts of energy-three billion times the power of man's biggest atom smashers. If the cosmic-ray invader consisted of only one proton, as Linsley believes, its fierce energy must have made it weigh 100 billion times as much as a normal earthly proton...
Where did the fat proton with its great cargo of energy come from? Cosmic rays are generally believed to be charged particles that have been speeded up by magnetic fields that are known to exist be tween the stars. But though this theory serves well enough for ordinary rays, the Milky Way galaxy to which the sun and its planets belong lacks magnetism strong enough to load 10²° electron-volts on a lone proton. Nothing else in the galaxy, such as an exploding supernova, could do the job either...
...Linsley believes that his fat proton must have come from some turbulent galaxy in far-distant space, where great forces exist that could give it the energy that it carried to earth. In the past, cosmic-ray scientists have only speculated about such turbulent galaxies, but radio astronomers have recently found a host of likely candidates. They seem to have blown up in some mysterious way and are giving off vast amounts of radio waves (TIME, Dec. 14). Dr. Linsley suspects that his fat proton may have got its speed and energy in one of these enormous explosions that involved...
...actual experimentation, the electron beam will be aimed at a protonrich liquid hydrogen target. The electrons will be scattered as they emerge from the target. Scientists hope that close study of the scattering pattern may yield clues to the internal composition of the proton, which is no longer considered an indivisible particle but rather a composite of smaller bodies...
Like the electron-proton scattering experiment, the bubble chamber program will require over a million dollars worth of equipment, and several years to complete...