Word: proton
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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Strong Measure. Republic's proton gyroscope is at present an impractical breadboard model, built mostly of transparent plastic, but even so it works well enough to prove the principle. In a practical instrument, says Milton J. Minneman, head of Republic's gyro project, the coils creating the magnetic field will be attached rigidly to the craft that carries them. As long as the ship or missile follows a perfectly straight course, the protons held in the magnetism will remain electrically quiet. But if the ship turns, their struggle to keep from turning with it will generate an electric...
...clever instrument that can tell the difference was the hit of an erudite conference that met at Venice to discuss new methods of archaeology. Called a proton magnetometer, the gadget is based on a principle of nuclear physics discovered only a few years ago. The nuclei of hydrogen atoms (protons) are, in effect, tiny magnets, and they line up like compass needles parallel to the earth's magnetic field. When nudged out of alignment, they oscillate for a few seconds, the speed of their oscillation changing with the local strength of the earth's magnetism. Buried objects that...
Probing the Unknown. Dr. Livingston, who collaborated as a graduate student with Nobel Prizewinner Ernest Lawrence to invent the first cyclotron, in 1930, points out that while the Cambridge electron accelerator does not approach the energy of the 30-BEV proton accelerator at Brookhaven, it has important special talents. Since its electron projectiles are very small compared with protons, they can be used to explore the unknown inner structure of both protons and neutrons. They generate beams of enormously powerful 6-BEV X rays, and these in turn can be used to explore matter. The same big X rays, which...
Since radiation is a potential hazard in space flights, Kjellberg indicated that, "The possible role of biological studies with the proton beam is already of interest to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration...
...important discovery in 1952 Ivy Livingston and two other physicists which paved the way for an accelerator of this size. The principle of alternating gradient, or strong focusing, made possible the Brookhaven proton synchroton, which produces up to 30 billion electron volts...