Word: protons
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...carriers of mass can be further divided into leptons, which do not feel the "strong" force, and hadrons, which do. There are four leptons: the electron, the muon, the electron neutrino and the muon neutrino. There are hundreds of hadrons. The neutron and proton are both hadrons and so are subject to the paull of the "strong" force...
Gell-Mann's theory, modified so that each quark also comes in three different "colors" (no kidding), proved tremendouly successful. One could then describe every hadron by some quark combination, and every quark combination by an observed hadron. (A proton, for instance, is the combination 'uud.' The neutral K-meson, which has strangeness *1, is the combination...
Continuing his research after transferring to California in 1967, Stoeckenius found that the pigment, called bacteriorhodopsin, functioned as a sort of pump, converting sunlight directly into electrochemical energy. Light striking a pigment molecule causes it to eject a hydrogen ion-or proton-that passes through the cell's membrane. The movement of the positively charged protons through the membrane leaves an excess of negative charge on one side of the membrane. That produces a voltage gradient and results in an electrical current flowing through the membrane. In the process, which involves at least five separate steps, each bacteriorhodopsin molecule...
...that can be generated by moving magnetic fields. But they could not solve one puzzle. Complete symmetry between electricity and magnetism meant that there must be a monopole-a basic magnetic particle of one pole, either north or south. It would, in effect, be the equivalent of the positive proton or negative electron that exists independently in nature. But all magnetized objects, from subatomic particles to giant electromagnets, seemed to have inseparable north and south poles. Broken into the tiniest segments, each piece remained a "dipole." No isolated north or south monopole could be found...
Horowitz had called the owner of the company the week before in search of a pinhole for his proton microscope, but quickly found that he knew better ways of making distortion-free pinholes than anyone else. He spent months developing his own technique when he was a graduate student working on an X-ray microscope, and though he published his method he never bothered to patent it. Now the owner wanted to learn how to make them, and hoped to hire Horowitz as a consultant...