Word: psychologist
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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Knowledge in Bits. All of this is organized according to the learning theories of Harvard Behavioral Psychologist Burrhus Frederic Skinner (TIME, March 24, 1961). Skinner taught pigeons to play pingpong by breaking the action into tiny steps, immediately rewarding each correct step with a grain of corn. This led to the idea of giving children knowledge in atomized "bits," and testing each bit immediately by an easy leading question. When the student responds with the right answer, he gets a glow of pleasure-his grain of corn. The technique requires some mechanical device (often a teaching machine) to hide...
...instruction, since each child works alone at his own pace. Breaking reading down to simple steps that lead a child progressively toward more difficult words, yet do not bore him, was Sullivan's greatest problem. His first attempts failed badly. A member of his team at the time, Psychologist Allen Calvin, tried programming a Superman story, found that it held kids' interest about nine times longer than the reading program. Even a programmed version of a Sears, Roebuck catalogue did five times better. "We were terribly discouraged," recalls Sullivan...
...mean that homosexuals do not and cannot talk seriously; but there is often a subtle sea change in the conversation: sex (unspoken) pervades the atmosphere. Among other matters, this raises the question of whether there is such a thing as a discernible homosexual type. Some authorities, notably Research Psychologist Evelyn Hooker of U.C.L.A., deny it-against what seems to be the opinion of most psychiatrists. The late Dr. Edmund Bergler found certain traits present in all homosexuals, including inner depression and guilt, irrational jealousy and a megalomaniac conviction that homosexual trends are universal. Though Bergler conceded that homosexuals...
...since he graduated from the University of Rochester medical school in 1943, Masters has been determined to chart the basic physiology of sex. Next spring Little, Brown & Co. will publish Human Sexual Response, the extraordinarily detailed results of Dr. Masters' eleven years' work with his research associate, Psychologist Virginia E. Johnson...
...help supposedly infertile couples conceive has always been among Dr. Masters' major concerns. As a result of his physiologic research, Dr. Masters has developed a gratifyingly successful method. Husband and wife must both agree to remain under treatment for at least a year. Dr. Masters and Psychologist Johnson start from the assumption that many couples "don't know where babies come from"-or at least don't know how they're made...