Word: psychologist
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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Your article "Programed Learning" is most unjust in its blanket criticism of textbooks. How did your education editor and Psychologist Skinner get so smart using the allegedly dull, inflexible, incomprehensible textbooks? And without the benefit of a programed learning machine...
University of Illinois' Psychologist O. Hobart Mowrer agrees with Freud on the mechanism of anxiety's creation. But Mowrer differs on basic cause. To him the conflicts that cause anxiety are not so much animal and sexual as human and ethical. They involve the repression of moral strivings. Mowrer notes that anxiety arises when the person feared is also loved...
Does programed learning stick? Pro-gramers so far have precious little evidence. But in Roanoke this month, 25 of the original 34 guinea pigs were tested again, averaged 90% or better of their first scores. Psychologist Allen Calvin of Hollins College, who ran the experiment, called the results "truly striking...
Linear Y. Branching. Skinnerians have proved something, but not to the satisfaction of a rival school of anti-behavioral programers led by Psychologist Norman A. Crowder of U.S. Industries' Western Design & Electronics division in Santa Barbara, Calif. While Skinner deplores multiple-choice questions because they contain "plausible" errors that students may remember, Crowder bases his whole approach on multiple choices. Instead of small steps, Crowder programs big chunks of information followed by a question with alternate answers. Choosing a right answer wins the student an advanced frame; a wrong answer sends him to a remedial frame with an explanation...
...Crowder's lively "scrambled books," which Doubleday publishes as TutorTexts, the reader starts on the first page, is then sent scurrying to widely scattered pages throughout the book. This is the "branching" technique, which Crowder developed as an Air Force psychologist while tutoring technicians in troubleshooting on 8-47 bombsights. Crowder believes that his method is better fitted to individuals than Skinner's somewhat Orwellian linear system. Crowder's method is demonstrably effective in such problem-solving areas as labor-management relations...