Word: psychologists
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...only member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee who seemed to enjoy what was going on was Chairman William Fulbright. Which was understandable, since the three experts invited to testify at his marathon foreign-policy hearings were his personal choices. The mission of the three-two psychiatrists and a psychologist-was one of the oddest in years: to put U.S. foreign policy on the analyst's couch...
Arguing against further escalation, University of Illinois Psychologist Charles Osgood declared that "an opponent can be bombed into surrender or even into nonexistence, but he cannot be bombed into honest negotiations." Up to a certain point, he said, escalation actually increases an opponent's resolve, and this "critical point" is difficult to predict...
Working with nests of quail eggs, Cambridge University Research Psychologist Margaret Vince used sensitive instruments to record the movements and sounds of quail embryos during the last three days of their incubation period. Some twelve to 18 hours before hatching, she discovered, the eggs began to emit faint and intermittent clicks in time with the breathing of the embryo. The clicking gradually became louder and more regular, drowning out the sound of breathing, until it suddenly stopped only minutes before the eggs hatched...
...Psychologist Vince is not sure what causes the clicking, but she thinks it is associated with lung ventilation and serves as a form of communication be tween the eggs. As more mature embryos move toward the hatching stage, she says, their clicking stimulates faster development of younger embryos in adjacent eggs, so that all of the eggs hatch around the same time. To check her theory, she shortened the normal incubation period of a quail egg by placing it in a nest of other quail eggs that began incubation at least 24 hours earlier. Stimulated by the surrounding clicks...
...quail-egg experiments also demonstrate that the communication between eggs works only when they are in actual contact. When Psychologist Vince separated the eggs, placing them four inches apart, the embryos could not sense the clicks made by their siblings. As a result, they hatched independently-as much as two days apart...