Word: punished
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Dates: during 2000-2009
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...prisoner’s dilemma is a classic game theory experiment in which two players choose whether to cooperate or compete against each other. Cooperation is mutually beneficial, and in the modified version, players also have the option to punish their partners while incurring a cost to themselves...
While many researchers have proposed that punishing selfishness forces people to cooperate, Nowak’s study suggests otherwise: the most successful players used the punish option the least, indicating that punishment may not be the driving force behind the development of cooperative societies...
...most successful subjects in the study employed a “tit-for-tat” strategy, responding to cooperation with cooperation and competition with competition and never choosing to punish...
...Often when people punish, the other person responds by punishing back, and you get this downward spiral of escalation,” Rand said...
...officials were involved in corruption. Though he didn't reveal any names, he swore to take action. Five months later, not a single official has been successfully prosecuted. Meanwhile, politicians and ministers build mansions and collect armored SUVs worth far more than their yearly salaries. "If we can't punish them, how do we tell a small government official who makes $40 a month not to take bribes?" asks Wasifi...