Word: pupil
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...permit integration anyway and support its school on its own? To prevent that-and to make sure that the drastic fundwithholding idea will be only a last resort -the Virginia House of Delegates and Senate passed three supplementary bills to keep segregation as safe as possible: ¶The "pupil placement" bill sets up a special board, appointed by the governor, to classify and assign all public-school pupils. If a parent becomes dissatisfied with the board's decision, he will have to appeal to the governor, and, if still dissatisfied, start legal proceedings that would probably take at least...
...Cologne, Germany, an autocratic, absent-minded composer named Karlheinz Stockhausen has fun supplying the state-run West German Radio with electronic music. Many of the sounds he makes resemble those of the Barrons, but his attitude is at the opposite esthetic pole. A conservatory pupil first, then an electronic expert, he composes on paper (his scores suggest a cross between economists' graphs and architects' schemes), then reduces his ideas to sound. This involves great concentration and endless experiment...
...trouble with human teachers, say Wood and Pask, is that unless they are extremely good, they cannot observe in detail the intimate characteristics of each pupil. Each pupil's biases, habits and individual eccentricities determine how he should be taught. He may favor his left hand over his right hand, or be able to remember odd numbers better than even ones. An ideal teacher should take all such matters into account and teach accordingly...
Solartron's electronic teacher is set up to teach how to duplicate patterns of light in a frame containing eight lights. It starts the lessons by showing a single light. In another frame another light appears, telling the pupil which button to press. After a few such easy examples, the lessons get harder. Light patterns can be duplicated only by complicated operations with the buttons. The teacher gives clues, tells the pupil whether he is doing well or badly and makes him repeat over and over if he is making errors. Always understanding, the machine holds back a difficult...
Wood and Pask got so interested in the teaching problem that they created an electronic pupil named Eucrates I,* to give the electronic teacher a real workout. Eucrates is electronic but not bright. When not being taught, he is "thinking" in a confused way, and the electronic teacher must take account of his thinking habits. Eucrates follows instructions and observes clues, but is often wrong. If the teacher is too severe or goes too fast, Eucrates shows signs of electronic emotion, equivalent to bursting into tears. Then the electronic teacher is gentle with him until his little dials have stopped...