Word: pupills
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...when Coleman studied the factors associated with low achievement. Of the four he uncovered, the least influential was schools facilities, so long used as the criterion of quality education. According to the Report, school facilities are substantially the same in all schools, minority and majority, across the country. Per pupil expenditure, curricula, all the physical trappings of education, simply do not explain why Negro children leave city schools as near-illiterates...
Some of these are matters of technique. Bowles points out, for example, that Colemen measured per pupil expenditure by dividing district expenditures by pupils per district. He thus overlooked any differing expenditures among schools in the same district, or among pupils within schools. (This distinction is possible because of the group of children by ability--Negroes are usually placed in the lowest levels.) Also, Colemen got his information about school facilities by questioning principals--not always the most objective source--rather than conducting independent studies. Both oversights could affect Colemen's conclusions about the effect of facilities on achievement...
Walking on Clouds. The foundation's shock technique attempts to jar the children into attention and keep them from being distracted. Administrative Director S. Willard Footlik explains that the degree of force is fitted to the needs of each pupil and contends that "the children realize we aren't yelling at them because we're mad at them." The commands, he says, are always something the children are capable of carrying out-and when they do, "they walk on clouds because they have succeeded." The harsh drills are designed to help the children to control their actions...
...schools with an all white student body, the average ran up to $350 allocated per pupil per year. In three heavily Negro districts, averages were...
...class expenditures for Boston as a whole averaged $275 per pupil. In the Negro schools...