Word: quarks
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...life, which is less than a trillionth of a trillionth of a second, will reveal how many sorts of particles the Z 0 decays into and thus how many other particles exist. Current theory says there may be only one fundamental particle of matter, called the top quark, left to observe. But there may be many more, and gauging the Z 0's lifetime will tell physicists how close they are to a full understanding of the particle menagerie...
Glashow finally begins to provide a clear history in his discussion of Murray Gell-Mann's conjecture that the fundamental elements underlying all of the mysterious particles are quarks. It is not surprising that Glashow is at his best here. Quarks are the jumping board for much of his brilliant theoretical synthesis of the strong and weak nuclear forces and electromagnetism. This is his turf: it was Glashow's prediction that a fourth, "charm" quark existed, which resolved many of the difficulties of Gell-Mann's theory...
...these women inspire the 'charm' quark...
...best in the Winter Olympics. At Sarajevo in 1984, the Soviets collectively came in first, the East Germans second. U.S. Olympians were fifth, taking just eight of the 117 medals awarded. That total was bettered by athletes from Finland and Norway and equaled by the Swedes. Even the quark-size principality of Liechtenstein claimed two bronzes. The long white winters of Europe, from Lapland down to Alpine Italy, virtually invite the young and gifted to test their skills on slopes and frozen ponds. In an athletic sense at least, geography contributes to democracy. That is why, if form holds true...
Rubbia's triumph, says Taubes, did not change his tactics. In 1984 the physicist announced evidence that seemed to suggest two more discoveries. The first was that of the top quark, a basic building block of matter that is predicted by theory but that other scientists believe still remains undiscovered. In the second, his team's experiments picked up the signs of what would become known as monojets; Rubbia boldly theorized that the monojets might signal a hitherto undetected particle. If so, Rubbia would have his second Nobel-class discovery within two years. A discovery of this importance...