Word: qum
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...Ayatullah (an honorific title meaning sign of God) was born in central Iran, the son of a mullah who was shot to death-according to Khomeini followers, by Iranian government agents-while on a pilgrimage to Iraq. Educated largely at the holy city of Qum, Iran's orthodox Shi'ite center of learning, Khomeini became what has been described as a "fine medieval scholar." That did not mean he was an expert on the Iranian Middle Ages, but rather that his Islamic philosophical and legal expertise belong to an intellectual tradition unstudied in the West since the 16th...
...number of symptoms of a growing restiveness within the Shah's army as its small-scale clashes with the citizenry continue. In Najafabad, located near the industrial city of Isfahan, security forces were reported to have gone on a rampage against political dissidents. In the holy city of Qum, soldiers fired on a group of marchers. In the northeastern town of Mashhad, troops and police burst into a hospital and beat up the staff for having tended injured protesters...
AYATULLAH SHARIETMADARI, 76, a Shi'ite scholar who speaks for the conservative, religious-based resistance to the Shah from within Iran, as Khomeini speaks for it from without. Sharietmadari, who lives in the holy city of Qum, is slightly less militant than his fellow mullah. He believes in an Islamic state but has not ruled out a constitutional monarchy so long as it adheres to Islamic principles. A holy war, he argues, is acceptable only as a last resort-that is, if the Shah ignores the Islamic community's legitimate demands. He insists on the segregation of sexes...
...hotel. Italian police, after combing hotels, boardinghouses and the homes of Lebanese in Rome, announced that there was no evidence that the Imam had ever been in the Italian capital. Throughout the Middle East, there were rumors that the Imam, who was born in the Iranian holy city of Qum, had secretly returned to his homeland to join the anti-Shah underground. Alternatively, there was a rumor he had been kidnaped by the Shah's secret police...
Turbaned, gray-bearded and bespectacled Ayatullah Sharietmadari, 76, looks like anything but a revolutionary. He has a kindly, gentle manner. A revered scholar, he spends most of his days sitting on the floor of his bone-bare home in Qum, discussing the subtleties of Islamic thought with theological students who come to him from all over the Muslim world. His name is less a symbol of political resistance than that of Ayatullah Khomeini, 80, who has been in exile since 1963 and now lives in Iraq. But among those mullahs still inside Iran, Sharietmadari is the acknowledged leader...