Word: qumran
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Dates: during 2000-2009
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...fabrication by the 1st century A.D. Jewish-Roman historian Flavius Josephus and that his faulty reporting was passed on as fact throughout the centuries. As Elior explains, the Essenes make no mention of themselves in the 900 scrolls found by a Bedouin shepherd in 1947 in the caves of Qumran, near the Dead Sea. "Sixty years of research have been wasted trying to find the Essenes in the scrolls," Elior tells TIME. "But they didn't exist. This is legend on a legend." (See pictures of 60 years of Israel...
...Dead Sea Scrolls? Elior theorizes that the Essenes were really the renegade sons of Zadok, a priestly caste banished from the Temple of Jerusalem by intriguing Greek rulers in 2nd century B.C. When they left, they took the source of their wisdom - their scrolls - with them. "In Qumran, the remnants of a huge library were found," Elior says, with some of the early Hebrew texts dating back to the 2nd century B.C. Until the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, the earliest known version of the Old Testament dated back to the 9th century A.D. "The scrolls attest...
...they refer to themselves, it's as 'men of holiness' or 'sons of light.' " Charlesworth contends that at least eight scholars in antiquity refer to the Essenes. One proof of Essene authorship of the Dead Sea Scrolls, he says, is the large number of inkpots found by archaeologists at Qumran...
...crumpled hills of Moab in Jordan. At 1,300 ft. below sea level, it is the lowest place on earth. Far down to the south is the site of ancient Sodom, now under a few feet of water, and to the north is the monastery of the Essenes at Qumran, where most of their Dead Sea Scrolls were found. Farther, toward Jericho, the mount in the wilderness where Satan tempted Christ. And in the distance to the south, the terrible brow of Masada, where 960 Jewish Zealots committed suicide rather than surrender to the besieging Romans in A.D. 73. Some...
...ancient texts. TIME's April 15, 1957, cover story reported on what the delicate, 2,000-year-old Dead Sea Scrolls revealed about early Christianity: "Since a Bedouin shepherd boy named Muhammad adh-Dhib ('The Wolf') first stumbled on them just 10 years ago in a cave near Qumran (he had hoped to find buried treasure), the scrolls have stirred up perhaps the most vigorous debate in Christianity since Darwin ... The majority verdict: the scrolls do not shake the foundations of Christianity, but they greatly contribute to the understanding of those foundations ... The fragments ... make a strange kind of shadow...