Word: qumran
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...Qumran, where Dubay and Walker found the bones, was home to an ascetic sect of Jews, the Essenes, roughly contemporary with Jesus. In the cliffside caves, in the first century A.D., the sect members buried their sacred texts in sealed jars to save them from the Roman army. Those documents, the Dead Sea Scrolls, were discovered in 1947, and are the oldest existing scripture in Hebrew. But the lives of the Qumran people remain shrouded in mystery and controversy...
...Bedouin shepherds find Dead Sea Scrolls hidden in clay jars in Israel's Qumran Cave, overlooking the Dead...
...papyrus of St. Luke's Gospel in a Paris library "was written between A.D. 63 and A.D. 67." That papyrus, certainly the oldest of this Gospel, belongs to the late 1st or early 2nd century. The approximate dates of the four oldest Gospel papyri are as follows: the Qumran scroll fragment 7Q5 of St. Mark's Gospel was written sometime before A.D. 68, the Magdalen papyrus of St. Matthew's Gospel was written around A.D. 66, the fragment in Paris of St. Luke's Gospel is late 1st or early 2nd century, and the famous St. John's papyrus...
...leader (perhaps more than one leader) of the Qumran sect was known as the Teacher of Righteousness. Years ago, some scholars theorized that Jesus might have been that teacher, but the idea is seen as untenable, in part because the writings so clearly reflect the Jewish situation in the second century before Christ. Eisenman contends that the later Qumran scrolls were written by a messianic movement that blended into early Christianity. He thinks the teacher was James, the New Testament "brother of Jesus" and martyred leader of the Jerusalem church. James' Qumran faction, says Eisenman, was "aggressive, apocalyptic, nationalist, messianic...
...Temple Scroll also provides the first thorough look at the Halakhah (religious law) of the Essenes. Compared with the orthodox rabbinical thinking that was later codified in the second century Mishnah, the Qumran rules on ritual cleanliness were superstrict. Only the skins of properly slaughtered animals were to be permitted in the temple city. Blind people, as well as the ill and maimed, were barred as unclean. All sexual relations within the temple city were forbidden. One cemetery was to serve four cities since "you shall not follow the customs of the Gentiles who bury their dead everywhere...