Word: quota
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...Good Enough. Under intensifying attack in recent years, the Warren court continued, nevertheless, to enlarge, clarify and insist upon its previous rulings. To hasten school desegregation in one Alabama county this year, the court found it necessary to uphold a racial quota requiring each school to have at least one black for every five white teachers and staff members. The court also proclaimed during the recent session that approximate equality in voting districts was not good enough, and that the states must strive to achieve absolute equality in the population of each district...
...Unanimously required the Montgomery County, Ala., board of education to assign teachers and other staff members to each of its schools this year in a ratio of at least one black to every five whites. In so ruling, the court supported a quota system for the first time -and may well have opened a Pandora's box of litigation involving race quotas in such areas as industrial promotions, school admissions and housing rentals. The quota, which was originally ordered by District Judge Frank Johnson, had been pronounced too inflexible a standard by a federal appeals court. But Justice Hugo...
...Quota System. Even so, Congress has not been persuaded that exploration would be discouraged by a reduction in the depletion allowance. On Capitol Hill, the feeling is growing that the allowances, which cost the Government about $1 billion a year in lost taxes, are indefensible from the viewpoint of tax equity. Partly because of its tax privileges, the oil industry has fairly high profits. Oil companies earn an average of 11.2% on their invested capital, which is slightly above the norm for all U.S. industry; they also earn 10% on sales, which is about double the figure for other...
Another target for congressional fire is the oil import-quota system, which helps keep domestic oil prices up by keeping foreign oil out. Middle Eastern oil costs about 4? a gallon compared with U.S. oil's 7?; best estimates are that the quotas oblige U.S. customers to pay $4 billion to $5 billion a year in higher oil and gasoline prices. Imposed by the Eisenhower Administration in 1959 on the grounds of "national security," the quotas limit imports of crude to 21% of domestic production...
Like the depletion allowance, the quota system is also justified as a means of encouraging exploration for more domestic reserves. The quotas, according to the oilmen's argument, save the U.S. from becoming too dependent on the oil sheiks of the unstable Middle East. They would probably raise their royalties -and thus the price-if the U.S. needed substantially more...