Word: quotas
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Under the Hare proportional representation system, voters rank the candidates. Candidates are elected if they meet a quota of votes, and their excess votes are transferred to the next-ranked candidate. Low candidates' votes are also redistributed in later rounds...
Candidates win their seats by accumulating enough votes to reach a quota determined by a complicated formula. Once candidates reach a quota, their surplus votes are redistributed to the other candidates on the ballot...
...developed in Europe in the 19th century as an electoral system that would ensure minority representation in government. Candidates do not need to receive a majority of votes to win an election, just a smaller quota. Philosopher John Stuart Mill was a great advocate of the system...
Still, Clinton performs wonderfully in this role. He recently completed two terms as head of the Democratic Leadership Council, a group of "new," "moderate" Democrats whose agenda includes "new" ideas like "cutting spending," "choice" for schools and quota-free "empowerment" schemes for minorities...
...superior race. Such a presumption is, in effect, a white American's birthright. Minorities face a society convinced that they are less fit, unless proved otherwise. As a result, even for the most talented nonwhites, the standard for advancement and access is different from that for whites -- so- called quota programs notwithstanding. If management is predisposed to doubt the qualifications of minority applicants, ways will be found to neutralize such programs even as bosses offer (largely unconscious) advantages to whites...