Word: quotas
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From the time of its 1978 Bakke decision--which agreed that a white applicant to medical school had been unjustly excluded by an affirmative- action quota--the court has mostly sown confusion on this issue. Goals are O.K., it says. Numerical quotas, in most instances, are not. Just how to achieve the first without falling into the second has been a problem, one that is at the heart of a Texas case currently on appeal...
...words of one former council member, the three then-executives "were having a hard time reaching the quota" for a vote on the constitution...
...didn't meet the quota, you'd have to goand ride the T before meetings to meet extrapeople," Cloutier says. "[The leadership] would bedisappointed in you for not meeting thequota...God was disappointed, too. There was a lotof motivation out of guilt...
...Healy replied that state law requires Cambridge to award contracts to the lowest bidder, after fulfilling a 10 percent quota for minority firms...
Under proportional representation, voters do not choose only one candidate. Rather, they order the candidates by numerical preference. Candidates must reach a certain quota of votes to win. Ballots of losing candidates, starting from the bottom, are redistributed until nine winners are produced...