Word: racisms
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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...South as a result of far less serious allegations (such as merely looking at white females or operating a successful business). That is to say nothing (as most Americans would prefer) of 244 years of enslavement, a legalized system of apartheid, and the disease of systematically entrenched racism that thrives to this...
...race is a nebulous concept, racism remains a concrete reality. Cose, author of A Nation of Strangers and The Rage of a Privileged Class and a commentator for Newsweek, confronts this most sensitive of American subjects with a mix of think-tank analysis, anecdotal journalism and cautious Utopianism. Before he is through, however, his lofty vision of a color-blind society has been modified into a 12-step program for a "race-neutral" nation...
Cose covers a lot of ground, from Francis Galton's eugenics theory, which equated good English breeding with racial superiority, to contemporary social-so-called-science that has attempted to give racism a respectable face. It is no surprise that Exhibit A is Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray's controversial 1994 best seller, The Bell Curve. Cose joins the chorus of critics who rightly challenged the authors' credentials and ideological ties. "There is" for them, he says, "something comforting in the belief--even if it is rooted in fiction--that certain unfortunate realities are beyond our control, that certain unfortunate...
Elsewhere he compares different styles of racism. The U.S., with its predominantly Northern European traditions, erects distinct color barriers even though its population has been paddling in a richly mixed gene pool for more than three centuries. By contrast, Brazil is what Cose calls a "pigmentocracy," where the national myth of racial harmony masks a system in which lighter skins enjoy higher status and rewards...
Rice, who is white, described the differences blacks and whites face in combating racism...