Word: radar
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...sent moonward. This remarkable average-as improbable as a pitcher tossing four no-hit games in six starts-is perhaps the greatest technological feat in the first decade of the space age. Russian space scientists have parachuted an instrument package onto Venus, but have yet to develop the approach radar and rocketry system that can set an unmanned spacecraft down on the airless moons as gently as a helicopter touches down on a landing strip...
...remedies worked. Knowing that glitches were bound to occur in the 83,000 different Surveyor components (34,000 in the Doppler and descent radar alone), scientists considered the first four craft as "engineering models," and would have been delighted if only one of them had made a successful soft landing. Thus no one was more surprised than the JPL and Hughes crews when the first Surveyor not only made a perfect landing and transmitted back thousands of pictures of the lunar surface but also proved so durable that it came back to life after each of two lunar nights, having...
...good solid weapons system that we think will serve us well in Viet Nam," says Vice Admiral Thomas Connolly. "In a conventional war, there are always targets, like gun emplacements on a hillside, that can't be hit by radar. The only way to hit them is by eyeballing them first." Since most of the Navy's and Air Force's operational jets were designed primarily for quick hit-run attacks in a nuclear war, they have neither the fuel capacity to loiter long over targets nor the armor plating to withstand ground fire...
...classified electronics research has produced at least 30 doctorates. There is also considerable nonmilitary fallout from secret work. A 26-acre antenna built at Stanford to help the U.S. learn how to detect enemy missile launches was used by Stanford Electrical Engineer Von R. Eshleman to bounce the first radar signals off the sun.* Classified research at Michigan helped Emmett N. Leith develop the new science of holography (see SCIENCE), which uses laser light to produce three-dimensional images with potential uses in art, television and industry. Says Leith: "The idea that you can close yourself off to these programs...
...last April, killing Soviet Cosmonaut Vladimir M. Komarov. Three days later, a cylindrical object called Cosmos 188 was rocketed aloft into the same orbital track, a scant 14.9 miles from Cosmos 186. The accuracy was remarkable, but it had to be. Western space experts have learned that Russian spacecraft radar lacks power for long-range precision, and what was to come depended largely on the radar equipment aboard...