Word: radars
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...make too many calculations in the frenetic moments before touchdown. It had begun to balk at having to track Columbia while also making the final descent. "It gave us grave concern," said Director of Flight Operations Chris Kraft. Mission Control quickly spotted the cause and ordered the rendezvous radar turned off to remedy the situation. And then, unhappy with the terrain of the landing site, Armstrong took over the manual controls. Had he not done so, the LM would have set down in an area strewn with boulders...
...quarantine procedures. During Apollo 10, Correspondents Lee and Neff questioned NASA's announcement that ground controllers had tracked the lunar module to a point 9.4 miles above the moon's surface in its lowest pass. The definitive figure should have come from the LM's radar, which must accurately gauge the spacecraft's distance from the moon. Digging further, Lee and Neff found that the lunar module had indeed seen things differently, and reported correctly that the spacecraft entered an orbit with a pericynthion of 8.9 miles...
...Campaign. Cooper and Hart argued in favor of continuing ABM research, but opposed any appropriations for actual hardware and weaponry. New Hampshire Democrat Thomas Mclntyre put in an amendment allowing deployment of radar and electronic gear at the first two proposed ABM sites in North Dakota and Montana. However, the Mclntyre plan would ban manufacture or installation of the actual Spartan and Sprint ABM missiles for at least a year...
Cornell Physicist Hans Bethe, a Nobel laureate who believes Safeguard to be sound in principle but not yet necessary to U.S. defense, replies that it is possible to intercept the enemy warheads with Sprints at altitudes below 30 miles, where radar blackout is not a serious problem. Further, the PAR installations are designed to overlap enough for one to take over the functions of another -at least in theory-if the second is blacked out or even physically destroyed by a missile that penetrates the ABM defenses...
...tested under conditions accurately simulating a nuclear attack. Wiesner also contends that any ABM is limited by the defender's guessing about the technology of the weapons it is designed to intercept. The attacker can add chaff and decoys as "penetration aids" to confuse the defender's radar and exhaust the supply of ABMs. Says Wiesner: "I do not think the defender is ever going to know really what to expect; the variety of techniques available to a nation planning an offensive system is great enough to keep an anti-ballistic-missile system totally off balance...