Word: ras
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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Other substances in the works may be further from the market, but they are in some ways even more exciting. Several of them take aim at a growth-signaling protein made by a gene called RAS (for rat sarcoma, the cancer in which it was first discovered). In about 30% of cancers, the RAS protein is stuck in an "on" position, mindlessly ordering the cell to divide again and again. It plays a role in 90% of pancreatic cancers, 50% of colon cancers and 25% of lung cancers. Dr. Edward Scolnick discovered the RAS gene in rats while working...
Other drug companies are targeting another common cancer gene: one that codes for a protein called the EGF (epidermal growth factor) receptor. This receptor, which takes in growth signals and relays them to the RAS protein, is found in abnormally high numbers on the surface of about 40% of tumor cells, including about 90% of lung-cancer tumors, some prostate tumors and other malignancies. Researchers at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston are testing an antibody to EGF receptors in patients with advanced head and neck cancers. But most other groups, including teams at drug makers Pfizer, Novartis and Zeneca...
...most obvious difference between the two systems is age: proctors range from the early 20s to around 30, while RAs are but a year or two older than most first-years. No matter which system a given university uses, administrators say that those few years can make all the difference in the world...
While proctors stress their responsibility is greater than that of RAs and that their age lends them more respect and authority, they are quick to point out they are not a Harvard University Police Department annex. And the Freshman Dean's Office (FDO), which is in charge of the selection, training and administration of the proctor program, also tells proctors to respect the privacy of students...
...instance, while RAs at Cornell are undergraduates, each hall of about 400 residents is supervised by an adult hall director, who typically has a masters degree in counseling, student development, higher education or a related field...