Word: ratted
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...five-man research teams-one at the City of Hope National Medical Center in the Los Angeles suburb of Duarte, under Dr. Keiichi Itakura, the other led by Biochemist David Goeddell at a small South San Francisco biochemical firm, Genentech Inc. Though scientists had already produced a precursor of rat insulin with bacteria, making the finished human variety posed greater difficulties. For it consists of two distinct molecular chains, a so-called A strand and a B strand, each of which is produced separately inside the cells of the pancreas under the direction of its own characteristic gene...
...Being in Israel by itself was exhilarating," Griliches said, "but it was also good to get away from all the pressures of the rat race. Leaves allow you to break from commitments you've accumulated, over time, like barnacles...
...insulin gene was obtained from a rat tumer. Humans, however, use rat insulin in the treatment of diabetes...
Researchers must develop techniques to separate insulin from the piggyback molecule, to produce larger quantities of insulin, and to produce human insulin rather than rat insulin, he said...
Like many people, Ellison's rats drank the most when their lives were in disarray. Using injections of neurotoxins, the experimenter made one-third of the rats lethargic and depressed, another third anxious and active. The rest of the rats were left undrugged. At first the jumpy rats drank more, the lethargic ones less. Then regular fighting broke out, including wrestling between anxious and depressed rats, and boxing matches in which the contestants stood nose to nose on their hind legs and threw punches at each other. Food hoarding set in, and all the colony rats, even the undrugged...