Word: rebuilders
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...given or lent France a total of $10.5 billion. This comes to $3,000,000 a day, every day, for nearly nine years. To show for this, France has all those things that the Mutual Security Agency is justifiably proud of helping rebuild: a humming industry, a well-tended countryside that, to drive through, seems to glow with prosperity. Yet Premier Laniel's government faces a deficit of more than 600 billion francs-$1.7 billion. France owes her European neighbors $824 million; her reserves of gold and foreign currency are down to $613 million-less than tiny Holland...
...Black. Fiat plants were bombed repeatedly, with losses running to an estimated $40 million. When Agnelli died in 1945, it looked as if Fiat might never recover. But it was able to rebuild with the help of $46 million in U.S. loans. Then the Fiat union, a member of Communist-controlled C.G.I.L. ( Confederazione Generale Italiana di Lavoro), formed "councils of management" to run the plants, virtually took over. The councils soon found the job too tough to handle, and gradually they were forced to let brilliant, little (5 ft. i in.) Professor Vittorio Valletta, who had succeeded Agnelli, take charge...
Such immense power has bothered more than one monopoly-hating American charged with helping rebuild Italy's economy for NATO defense. But most of them have come to accept Fiat's position. As one of Italy's economists has pointed out, no Italian government, however strong, would ever be able "to withstand the collapse of Fiat. Said he: "No matter how badly things were to go with Fiat, the government would be obliged ... to keep [it] going, even if this meant making refrigerators as Christmas presents to the Eskimos...
...came through with a loan ($100 million), and a platoon of economists, health officers, farmers and sociologists descended on the country, full of good will, all ready to help the Indonesian raise his standard of living, rebuild his country, increase his crops, strengthen his army, educate his people, improve his health and save him from Communism. Instead of being met with open arms, they found themselves treated with indifference, hostility and suspicion. Baffled, saddened, the experts went home, vaguely aware that to the Indonesians independence meant something quite different from the Western notions, and that the Indonesians are an Asian...
Daimler-Benz's postwar comeback was slow. For months, the surviving work force of 13,000 did little but rebuild U.S. staff cars to get money to reconstruct the smashed plant. Under Fritz Koenecke, 54, a wartime synthetic-rubber expert, Daimler-Benz production has risen to almost 25% more than its 1938 peacetime peak; its work force is now 35,000. In 1951, Daimler-Benz led all West German auto makers in value of production (800 million Deutsche mark, or $190 million), this year expects to produce 1 billion ($238 million) worth of autos and trucks. Already better than...