Word: rectum
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...healthy women wisely having regular examinations. Vast ingenuity has gone into extensions of the Pap test: aerosols to make a smoker cough up deep mucus to reveal lung cancer; swallowed balloons and brushes to catch cells from stomach cancer; special washings to reveal disease in the large bowel and rectum...
...Bend. Though the colon averages 5 ft. in length, the vast majority of diverticula are found in its last 15 inches, known as the sigmoid colon be cause it bends in an S shape from the lower end of the descending colon to the upper part of the rectum. Most of the sigmoid colon is in the left lower quarter of the body. When a diverticulum becomes inflamed (diverticulitis), the symptoms suggest "left-sided appendicitis." Symptoms usually include diarrhea, gas distension and pain...
Further to rule out the possibility of concurrent cancer, the diagnostician inserts a sigmoidoscope-a metal tube, 10 in. long, with a light at the end-through the rectum and examines the lower sigmoid colon visually. Now being refined are more elaborate techniques for washing out the colon, then flushing it with a solution to pick up stray cancer cells which can be identified on a Papanicolaou smear under the microscope...
Other common cancers, which have not been associated with smoking or drinking habits, e.g., those of the breast, prostate, stomach, colon, rectum and uterus, as well as leukemia, occurred at just about the same rates in both Adventist and non-Adventist patients. This uniformity led Drs. Wynder and Lemon to conclude that heavy cigarette smoking and hard drinking are indeed major factors in lung or mouth cancer and in hastening death from atherosclerosis (hardening) of the coronary arteries. "We propose," they said, "that smoking, though not causing atherosclerosis as such, adds to the already damaging effect of atherosclerosis upon...
...liver and gall bladder, up 352%. Cancer at some such sites might have been caused either by direct action of substances in cigarette tar, or by spread from an undetected tumor in the lung. No relationship was found between smoking and leukemia, or cancer of the brain, colon or rectum...