Word: reform
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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When lobbyists spent a record $60.9 million in 1986 trying to get Congress to vote their way, it was largely to influence tax reform. Last week House and Senate records disclosed that the cost of lobbying had climbed even higher in 1987, to $63.6 million. The biggest spender ($2.9 million) was the National Committee to Preserve Social Security and Medicare, which has frequently intimidated the elderly into donating even when no one was attacking their benefits. Ranking third ($2.55 million) was Philip Morris U.S.A., which successfully opposed hikes in tobacco taxes. But what was second, at $2.56 million? Common Cause...
Some tinkering with tax policy could encourage more long-term research and development. The elimination of the investment credit in the 1986 tax reform discouraged many large manufacturers from investing in new plant and equipment. Capital spending in the U.S. stagnated in both 1986 and '87, though the Commerce Department expects it to increase nearly 11% this year...
...politically but less experienced. Their demands are more ambitious, but they are also perhaps more cynical. Most especially, they are deeply aware of human rights." In addition, they are the first generation of protesters to come of age when a Soviet leader supports at least a limited degree of reform instead of schemes to crush...
...deputy editor of an irreverent weekly called the Reporter, Ruml, then 44, had chronicled the student protests that set the stage for the extraordinary reform movement known as the Prague Spring. He reported on the enthusiasm that Party Leader Alexander Dubcek's vision of "socialism with a human face" had aroused among factory workers, and wrote scathing pieces about the ominous Warsaw Pact army maneuvers taking place in Czechoslovakia that summer. On Aug. 21, those exercises had turned into a full-scale invasion...
California consumer groups have placed on the November ballot a referendum to cut insurance costs and reform the industry. Insurance companies are retaliating with three initiatives designed to reduce their payouts. As advocates of the rival measures trade barbs and hustle votes, they are spending plenty -- $60 million, $40 million of which will come from the insurance industry. It is by far the most expensive state election contest ever waged, costing close to two-thirds of the $100 million that the Republican and Democratic presidential campaigns are expected to spend this year...