Word: reform
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...issue during the June meetings will be the future pace of perestroika (restructuring) and glasnost (openness), the twin towers of Gorbachev's ambitious program of internal reform. It is crucial to him that the 5,000 delegates to the party conference represent what he likes to call "new thinking." U.S. analysts note that the Soviet leader has achieved remarkable success in shaking up a hidebound leadership. According to one estimate, during his three years in office Gorbachev has replaced 40% of the Central Committee, 90 of the 157 regional first secretaries and 72 of 101 members of the Council...
This internal struggle, carried on for the most part out of the public eye, explains some of the inconsistencies of Gorbachev's reform moves. While he cautiously moves toward a less rigid centralization of the Soviet economy, his program has in fact further centralized decision making. The idea is to keep those decisions out of the hands of conservative regional officials. While George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four is now available, most of the works of Alexander Solzhenitsyn, the exiled Soviet novelist and winner of the Nobel Prize, are still banned. Glasnost, it is clear, can go only...
Race-specific policies such as afirmative action or training programs are not to be abandoned, but are to be incorporated into a universal program of economic reform, designed to benefit all segments of society. Specifically, Wilson suggests a "macroeconomic policy designed to promote both economic growth and a tight labor market" combined with fiscal and monetary policies designed to curb inflation. A tight labor market would raise wages and aid the truly disadvantaged disproportionately, as increased labor force participation rates for both Black men and Black women would go far in stabilizing underclass family and community structure...
...they can get away with it -- but apparently not at the cost of greatly increased regional tensions, much less global ones. Armacost recalls that George Kennan, in formulating the concept of containment four decades ago, predicted that over time the Soviet Union would pay more attention to reform at home and consolidation of its position abroad than to expansionism and adventurism. Concludes Armacost: "To some degree, that's what's at work here." And if that is the case, then Gorbachev represents not just a challenge but also a welcome and promising change for the U.S. and its friends around...
Emboldened by Soviet Leader Mikhail Gorbachev's calls for reform, the new party had demanded free elections and independent trade unions. The crackdown underlined that there are limits to the amount of glasnost that the system will tolerate. Said TASS: "The group is nothing more than a bunch of scandalmongers...