Word: reform
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...ultra-Orthodox are the strictest observers of Orthodox Judaism, which along with the Conservative and Reform branches is one of the three major Jewish congregations. Known in Hebrew as the haredim (the trembling, or God- fearing, ones), the ultra-Orthodox believe all Jews must live according to the teachings of the Torah and the Talmud, as distilled in the 613 commandments that make up the halakhah. Many commandments concern observance of the Sabbath, which Jewish scholars have traditionally interpreted as prohibiting almost any activity on the holy day. To accommodate those beliefs, Israeli municipal governments have passed numerous Sabbath-keeping...
...world have an automatic right to become Israeli citizens under the Law of Return. While children born of Jewish mothers are automatically Jewish, the ultras argue that converts to Judaism should not be considered Jews unless they were converted according to the halakhah -- effectively excluding those proselytized by Reform or Conservative rabbis...
...July, but a handful of Likud members defected and the measure was narrowly defeated. The haredim, however, are likely to continue pressing the issue until they win. If the ultras' position were to prevail, it would provoke widespread anger among U.S. Jews, most of whom belong to Conservative or Reform congregations...
Their plan was superceded by a regional agreement signed by Nicaragua and four other Central American nations. It calls for certain steps towards democratic reform and a cease-fire, to be implemented...
Even in Hungary, the most reform-minded country in the Soviet bloc, a few cornerstones of Communism had long seemed inviolable. One was the absence of that onerous capitalist tool, income tax. Another was the rubber-stamping role of the Parliament in a system controlled by the Communist Party. By last week, all that had changed. In an unprecedented session in Budapest's Chamber of Deputies, impassioned legislators demanded, and often won, amendments to a controversial package of sweeping economic policies. At the core of the new legislation: Eastern Europe's first major personal income and value-added taxes. Said...