Word: reform
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...arrived in Cambridge in 1941, carried in by a wave of good-government reform and prompted by a scandal that nearly bankrupted the city and sent the mayor to jail...
...first impulse is to check its force on the Richter scale. But the next task, the part where the debris must be cleared away and planners must construct something new, has not been addressed. No one -- not Mikhail Gorbachev, not George Bush, not any of the bloc's reform-minded leaders -- has presented a blueprint for the future of the Continent as a whole. Will Gorbachev's "common European house" mean political as well as economic integration with the West? Will the Warsaw Pact remain intact? Will the two Germanys reunify? "Before you start taking an old structure down," says...
Shevardnadze spoke approvingly last week of the political upheavals in Eastern Europe, maintaining that each country has "absolute freedom of choice." But what if ethnic or nationalist rivalries erupt? Suppose Soviet and East European notions of reform become incompatible? What if, for instance, Hungary or Poland should choose to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact? "We keep thinking that Hungary, Poland and East Germany have hit the threshold of Soviet forbearance," says David Ratford, a Soviet and East European expert in the British Foreign Office. "We are at a loss to explain how the threshold has been moved time and time...
...answer is that significant reform is in the interests of the Soviet Union. It frees Moscow from expensive policing operations and could head off, in Eastern Europe, the sort of protests that plague many of the Soviet republics. East Europeans are far less concerned about a Moscow-initiated crackdown than about a heavy-handed backlash from within the bloc. So is Mikhail Gorbachev. If Czechoslovakia were to launch an anti-opposition campaign, warns Bromke, "it would undermine Gorbachev's prestige at home and in the bloc and make it more difficult for him internationally...
With Moscow's satellites going their own way, a new architecture must be created for the Continent. What should the blueprint look like? -- Reform rattles the three stubborn holdouts...