Word: reform
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...schools, parents are called in for collective meetings, where they hear their children denounced before other adults. Any mother or father who tries to defend his child does so at the risk of seeing him later punished by his teacher. Boyko agreed that many teachers are not prepared for reform. "They don't have the strength to change, or they think the old ways are just fine," she said...
...school construction and teaching materials. But the biggest need, he feels, is for free thinking. Says Yagodin: "The school badly wants more democracy." In the end, only a generation of new teachers, trained in the era of glasnost, may be able to carry out the sweeping school reform so crucial to changing Soviet society...
Evidently Mikhail Gorbachev is willing to tolerate capitalist-style "contradictions" in his attempt to fuel economic reform with a dose of democracy. In any case, the heavy Soviet lid has been lifted, and the voices from inside the box -- above all, the voices of ever resilient Russian intellectualism -- are being heard in ways and forums unimaginable 20 years ago. If the democratic experiment has so far failed to improve the economy, it has radically altered the arts and the mass media...
...ministries for stifling initiative and innovation. "I used to have to go to the ministry with the smallest change in our work," says Boris Fomin, director of the Elektrosila plant. "They issued hundreds of instructions, which usually contradicted one another. There was no strategic guidance." While Gorbachev's industrial reform required enterprises to wean themselves from government subsidies by January 1989, the majority of Soviet factories still rely on Moscow for merchandise orders, supplies and financial support...
Seventy-one percent agree that Gorbachev's reform program is encountering difficulties, and 20% think it has been braked, but only 1 out of 10 believes that perestroika is a deviation from Marxism-Leninism. Though 1 out of 4 says his material life has improved in the past three years, another 25% (and 34% of people over 60) say things have got worse...