Word: reformations
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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Nasser responded by denouncing Baath as atheistic, and the cry was picked up by Moslem religious leaders as well as by Syria's merchants and landowners, worried by Baath's militantly socialist program of nationalization and land reform. Hafez replied: "Allah alone knows who are atheists, and will punish them." The Baath regime in neighboring Iraq was toppled last fall, but in Syria the Baathists continued to preach class war, pitting workers, peasants and the army against everyone else. Early this month, Baath expropriated all landholdings over 25 acres and nationalized six of the country's largest...
...Goulart's pet themes was sweeping agrarian reform. The man of the masses obviously meant every word he said about redistributing the land -but mainly to himself. Federal and state investigators have just started adding up the totals. When Goulart fled, he was believed on the verge of completing the biggest land deal in Brazilian rural history - the acquisition of $1,385,000 worth of land in Mato Grosso state near the Bolivian border. What he already had latched onto, say the investigators, marked him as a wheeler-dealer without parallel...
...Land reform is a primary objective -but not the kind of unthinking reform that destroys large, productive farms, while leaving peasants with little except a few hardscrabble acres. Castello Branco wants to reorganize the graft-ridden state and county land-tax system, put it under federal control, and devise an equitable tax rate in proportion to size and productive capacity. Small farmers will get easier credit and more technical help. Even the country's creaky judicial system will come in for attention; today it can take seven years for a court case to come to trial. "If the measures...
...Marx, Lenin thought that violent revolution was both inevitable and necessary. "Those who are opposed to armed uprising," he wrote, "must be ruthlessly kicked out as enemies, traitors and cowards." He dismissed the notion of peaceful victory over capitalism as heresy, akin to the hated belief in mere social reform. This, as Lenin and Marx saw it, provides a palliative for the workers that, by lessening their misery a little, only delays revolution. On the other hand, Khrushchev can quote Lenin as saying that the time must always be right for revolution before it is tried, and also that "revolution...
...Occasionally, he slipped back into Russia and out again. From the beginning, the Marxists were rent by savage quarrels. As soon as three or more gathered together, they divided into left, center and right. The "European" wing, under the German Karl Kautsky, who was savagely denounced for seeking to "reform" Marx, eventually evolved into today's democratic socialists. The Russian wing, under George Plekhanov, a nobleman and former army officer who was the antithesis of Lenin, underwent a momentous split, mostly on the issue of just how tough, disciplined and dictatorial the movement should...