Word: researchers
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...alone, Mars enthusiasts say, further exploration of the Red Planet, both unmanned and manned, is scientifically justified. "There is a growing sense of purpose being attached to a manned flight to Mars, both in the Soviet Union and the U.S.," says Vyacheslav Balebanov, a deputy director of the Space Research Institute of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. Like most of his counterparts in the U.S., he would prefer a measured, logical, step-by- step program to a more hazardous, hastily mounted manned mission. "We must start to explore Mars in detail before such a flight is possible," he says...
Both American and Soviet behavioral scientists have begun to investigate small-group dynamics, which are likely to assume considerable significance during extended spaceflight. "There are always minor irritations involved in working with other people," says Psychologist Clay Foushee, of NASA's Ames Research Center. "Normally, these are not a problem because you can get up and move away. The trouble occurs when you can't leave a situation." That trouble can become catastrophic. Long Antarctic expeditions, which involve small groups isolated for months, have been marred by fights and occasional violence...
...cautiously favorable reaction to the conference in the West tended to view the General Secretary as the event's big winner. "Gorbachev has proved to be an outstanding political tactician," said Eberhard Schulz, a specialist on Soviet affairs at West Germany's Foreign Policy Research Institute. "When it became evident in January 1987 that the Central Committee would not accept some of his changes, he stepped back and organized a party conference to get them through." Even so, most analysts warned that Gorbachev's success in winning institutional reform only underscored the largely unmet challenges of economic perestroika (restructuring...
...that event, he typically garners a third of the final award, which can run into the millions. He claims to win 95% of his cases, a figure that is all the more impressive in view of his reputation for taking "impossible" cases. His trick is to combine meticulous research with show-biz instincts. In the 1940s he sued the concessionaire in a New York stadium on behalf of a man hit by a soda bottle thrown from the stands. The vendor argued that nothing could have been done to prevent the injury. Throughout the trial, Lipsig kept on his desk...
...effects not only of prolonged weightlessness but also of the transitions from gravity on earth (one G) to zero G in space to 0.38 G on Mars. "We're nowhere near ready to send a human to Mars," says Dr. Michael Bungo, director of NASA's Space Biomedical Research Institute at the Johnson Space Center. "We've got years more of basic research...