Word: researching
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Dates: during 2000-2009
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...three new genes, known as clusterin, complement receptor 1 (CR1) and PICALM, were uncovered by two separate research groups, one in Wales and one in France, who linked the genes to the most common form of the memory disorder, late-onset Alzheimer's - the type that affects patients in their 60s or later and accounts for about 90% of all Alzheimer's cases. The only other gene connected with the condition, apolipoprotein E (ApoE), was identified in 1993; since, researchers have tirelessly hunted for other key genes, knowing that 60% to 80% of the progressive, incurable disease is genetically based...
Williams's group collected 16,000 DNA samples from Alzheimer's patients and healthy controls, while the French team, led by Dr. Philippe Amouyel at the Pasteur Institute, gathered more than 7,000 similar samples. Each team worked independently, unaware of the other lab's research, until both happened to present their data at the International Conference on Alzheimer's Disease in Vienna in July. Williams, who was in the audience when Amouyel gave his talk, immediately checked her database on her laptop and found to her delight that her group had identified the same high-risk genes as Amouyel...
...genes that coded for clusterin and PICALM were more likely to be active, compared with the controls; in Amouyel's data set, clusterin and CR1 were the two highest ranking genes. While Amouyel's study had also noted PICALM as a high-risk gene of interest and Williams's research had likewise identified CR1, the two groups used different criteria to pinpoint their highest priority genes, leading to the slightly different rankings. (Both groups also found increased activity of the previously discovered gene, ApoE, in their Alzheimer's samples...
...discoveries mark a significant step forward in Alzheimer's research - until now, three of the four known genes associated with the disease were connected to the rarer, inherited form, which appears in adults as young as 40 or 50. The three additional genes, identified in the new papers, now tip the balance of genetic understanding in favor of the late onset condition that affects a majority of the 5.3 million patients living with the disease in the U.S. (See how to prevent illness...
...studied samples from a stalagmite that apparently grew from about 200 B.C. to 1100 A.D. And that showed isotopes as low as -8.5 permil, with annual rainfall in the Roman era reaching double the amounts the scientists had previously calculated. The article, published in the 2009 issue of Quaternary Research, was submitted for publication on October 11, 2007, before Bar-Matthews and Ayalon gave evidence at the ossuary trial...