Word: richters
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...some very exciting physics to tell you," said M.I.T. Physicist Samuel Ting earlier this month as he entered the office of Burton Richter, a Stanford University physicist. "Listen," Richter interrupted, "I've got some exciting physics to tell you." In fact, the two researchers, working independently and a continent apart, had almost simultaneously made an important discovery: a totally new type of subatomic particle that could upset prevailing ideas about the basic nature of matter...
Tentatively called a "J" particle by Ting's team, which used the 33 billion-electron-volt accelerator at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, and a "Psi" particle by Richter's group at the two-mile-long Stanford Linear Accelerator, it was the heaviest atomic fragment ever found-almost 3% times more massive than the proton. It was also, by nuclear standards, extremely long-lived. It survived a full one-hundred billionths of one-billionth of a second, or 1,000 times longer than other massive particles...
...charm." If such particles really exist, they would, in turn, be made up of a new "charmed" form of quarks and antiquarks-elusive fragments that have been hypothesized as the basic building blocks of all matter. By week's end that speculation took on dramatic new significance when Richter's team announced the discovery of still another new particle even more massive than the original Psi (or J) and said the hunt was on for others...
Friedrich's work, the Dresden painter Ludwig Richter remarked in 1825, does not deal with "the spirit and importance of nature ... Friedrich chains us to an abstract idea, using the forms of nature in a purely allegorical manner, as signs and hieroglyphs." Like other German Fruhromantiker (early romanticists) of his time, Friedrich had a penchant for introversion and metaphysical generalizations which the more pragmatic English romantics (except men like Blake and Coleridge) did not share. He filled his work with symbolism, most of which is lost to a modern viewer...
Most scientists are disturbed by the lack of solid evidence to support that dramatic prediction. Veteran Seismologist Charles Richter of Caltech, famed for his earthquake-intensity scale, calls the thesis "pure astrology in disguise. In fact, it is very close to pure fantasy." Says M.I.T. Geophysicist M. Nafi Toksoz: "I'm not going into a bunker or anything like that when all the planets line up." Even those who concede the possible validity of some of the effects -the connection, say, between solar flare-ups and global climate-were highly skeptical about The Jupiter Effect. Don Anderson, director...