Word: rigidities
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...mountains, plants and animals. As in other aspects of Japanese thought and behavior, artists were expected to remain respectful of the past and concentrate on certain well-established forms and techniques. But during the Meiji era (1868-1912), modernism was introduced from the West, knocking major dents in this rigid system with an emphasis on innovation, individualism and the search for new forms. Japanese artists, emulating European easel painting, began to produce portraits and still lifes in oil -- new subjects in a new medium. Later in the 20th century and especially after World War II, some continued to keep...
...weather vane." Jiang is the consummate apparatchik, whose rise to nominal power rests almost wholly on his ability to read China's swirling political winds correctly. The 63-year-old former mayor of Shanghai perfectly mirrors the party line of the moment -- slower economic reform coupled with rigid political orthodoxy -- as he made clear last week in his maiden address. Jiang skipped lightly over his long-standing commitment to open-door economics in favor of defending the wave of repression that has followed the crash of the democracy movement. Said the party boss: "We shouldn't have an iota...
...interviewed for the book, so Leamer, whose previous work includes biographies of the Reagans and Ingrid Bergman, was forced to assemble a life from the often bitter testimonies of others. One of three children of a utility-company executive, the Iowa-born, Nebraska-bred Carson came from a rigid, authoritarian family. "Once when he was drunk," recounted Truman Capote, a frequent Tonight show guest, "he told me that his mother would throw herself on the floor and scream, 'I bore you from these loins, and you do this to me! All that pain, and this is what...
...octogenarian revolutionaries, among them economist Chen Yun and former President Li Xiannian. This seemed to indicate that Deng was seeking support against Zhao from the very men he had once sidelined for resisting his economic reforms. Analysts in Beijing feared that Deng had cast his lot with this ideologically rigid Gang of Elders, as the group was dubbed. Such fears were buttressed by renewed government denunciations of "bourgeois liberalization," the phrase that presaged a conservative crackdown two years ago. Some Chinese found a good deal of irony in the awkward situation. "The 80-year-olds," commented one wag, "are calling...
...hands of the pragmatic Rafsanjani, who is also Commander in Chief of the Iranian armed forces. In the final months of Khomeini's life, the spotlight also turned on his son, Ahmed Khomeini, 43, who has lately been increasingly visible in public life. In his zeal and rigid ideology, Ahmed appears to be very much his father...