Word: rk
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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During the late 1930s, the religious community in Qum came under heavy pressure from the Reza Shah, who had undertaken a campaign to modernize his country, in the manner of Turkey's Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. By 1941, as a result, the number of students at the Faizieh had dropped from several thousand to 500. Khomeini urged the new director of the school, the Ayatullah Boroujerdi, to oppose the Shah more openly. When Boroujerdi refused, Khomeini was bitterly disappointed. Thereafter he called on his superior only once a year, as required. Shortly after Reza Shah was deposed...
...stronger middle class than it did in Iran. Turkey's overwhelmingly Muslim population of 40 million includes 6 million Shi'ites, who are spiritual kin to those in Iran. But thanks to the secularization imposed on Turkey by its modern (1923) founder, Kemal Atatürk, religion is not nearly the force it has always been in Iran...
...Minister of Education in the 1950s, Fahd introduced the country's first extended public school system, and since then he has quietly allowed the expansion of women's education. But he has often told friends that he is against the "Atatürk approach," a reference to the way in which Turkey's Kemal Atatürk outlawed the veil and traditional dress and tried to impose social reform from the top. Fahd favors the sort of grass-roots evolution that seems to be taking place in his country today...
...witness to many of the major events in Egypt's recent history and one of the primary figures who shaped them. Born on Christmas Day, 1918, in the Nile village of Mit Abu el Kom, he was inspired as a youth by the exploits of Kemal Atatürk, the father of modern Turkey. Sadat was twice imprisoned for his revolutionary activities-the second time, in 1946, for complicity in the murder of a former minister in King Farouk's government. As the founder of the Free Officers' Organization within the Egyptian army, Sadat was intimately involved...
...survival run directly back to his village roots. One of 13 children, he was born on Christmas Day 59 years ago in the little (then pop. 2,000) Nile settlement of Mit Abu el Kom. His father was a military hospital clerk who so much admired Kemal Atatūrk, the founder of modern Turkey, that he named his sons after Turkish officers. His mother was an illiterate Sudanese. He grew up hating the colonial British. When the upper-class Military Academy was opened up in 1936 to all Egyptians-a decision that changed the future of the country-Sadat...