Word: rna
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...England, was led by Nobel Laureate Francis Crick, who with James Watson determined the structure of life's master molecule, DNA. His co-workers were Sydney Brenner, who discovered the "start" and "stop" signals in the genetic code; Aaron Klug, who first determined the crystalline structure of transfer RNA (tRNA), the molecule that brings amino acids to the ribosome for assembly into protein; and George Pieczenik, 32, a biochemist now at Rutgers University in New Brunswick...
Instead, they turned to the research of Nobel Prizewinners Howard Temin and David Baltimore (TIME, July 20, 1970), who had discovered an enzyme, or chemical catalyst, capable of reversing the normal genetic process in which DNA orders the production of "messenger" molecule RNA. Their enzyme permits RNA to manufacture the master molecule DNA. The Harvard team broke down rabbit hemoglobin and isolated its RNA. They then mixed this RNA with the Temin-Baltimore enzyme in a rich nutrient broth. They were thus able to trick the RNA into making the DNA from which it itself had been produced...
...simplicity of the technique the Harvard team has developed for synthesizing an entire strand of DNA from RNA now means that scientists may be able to focus more on studying the actual process of how genes regulate protein assembly in higher organisms. Thus, while the Harvard research will not carry mankind into a new era of artificially reproduced beings, it certainly is an important step towards an untimate understanding of human genetics...
...showed the influence of the viral genes as well as its own. Temin, of the University of Wisconsin, and Baltimore, of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, shattered what had been the central dogma of genetics: the belief that the master molecule DNA always passed information along to the messenger molecule RNA. The two researchers proved that the process could also work in reverse, and identified the enzyme responsible for the reversal. Their work and that of Dulbecco-has helped establish viruses -which contain either RNA or DNA-as a prime suspect in human cancer, and could point the way to eventual...
Baltimore co-discovered reverse transcriptase--the enzyme which enables viruses with RNA to insert their genetic information into the host cell's genes--in 1970 with the other two prize winners announced yesterday...