Word: roman
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Dates: during 1930-1939
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...nearly two thousand years the Roman Catholic Church has waged an unending spiritual war. Against heathendom, against heresy, the Church has not ceased from moral strife. Last week, when its Princes met in Rome to choose a new Pope, the Church's war against heresy-the totalitarian heresies of Left and Right -had reached a critical point...
Watching the Roman scene with eyes of concern was many a non-Catholic libertarian and democrat the world over. For the first time since the 18th Century's Enlightenment, believers in individual liberty found themselves taking the same side as the Roman Catholic Church, the champion of the individual soul-and facing a common enemy. So, while the Cardinals elected a Pope, the whole world watched...
...flickering torches bustled through the corridors of the Vatican, looking for unauthorized intruders. "Extra Omnes!" cried a dozen masters of ceremonies-"Everybody out!" The heavy bronze door of San Damaso creaked shut. Six keys clicked in its locks, three on the inside turned by the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, three on the outside by Prince-Marshal Ludovico Chigi Albani della Rovere. The papal flag was hauled down, the silken banner of the Chigi family hoisted in its stead. The conclave of 62 Princes of the Church, immured in the Sistine Chapel to elect the 262nd Pope, had begun...
...Extraordinary in nearly every way was the election of Pius XII. He was the first Secretary of State to be elected since the office took its present form, more than a century ago; the first Cardinal of the Curia (as distinct from an Archbishop) in a century; the first Roman in two centuries; the first Pope to be elected on voting day, and the second to be elected in only three ballots. For this multiple breaking of precedent there were several reasons. Cardinal Camerlengo Pacelli had been known to hope that the conclave would be short, to show the world...
...Catholic statesman, born of a noble (but not rich) Roman family which had furnished functionaries to the Holy See for two centuries, Eugenic Pacelli rose swiftly. During the World War he was Nuncio at Munich, a channel through which went many diplomatic negotiations, including Pope Benedict XV's famed peace proposals. By the time he returned to Rome in 1929 to accept his red hat, Cardinal Pacelli had arranged papal concordats with Bavaria, with Prussia. Two months later he succeeded aging Cardinal Gasparri as Secretary of State...