Word: romanization
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...surprised last week when the Sacred College of Cardinals announced the results of its latest conclave. A month earlier, Williams was possibly the only Vatican observer in the world who predicted the election of Karol Cardinal Wojtyla, archbishop of Krakow, Poland, as the 264th Supreme Pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church...
...went in the cold Roman dusk to take his place among the Popes buried in the crypt of St. Peter's, to lie between his two namesakes, John XXIII and Paul VI. As the plain cypress coffin was borne through the portals of the great basilica, the huge, tearful crowd standing in the rainswept square burst into applause. At the Requiem Mass that preceded the burial, it rained intermittently. As if to counteract the rain clouds, in his funeral address 85-year-old Carlo Cardinal Confalonieri compared Pope John Paul to "a meteor that unexpectedly lights up the heavens...
...decree on procedures to be followed when a Pope dies implicitly rules it out. Presumably, the Cardinals reason, in the 20th century autopsies are undignified and unnecessary. That was not always true in the papacy's more turbulent past. As recently as the 19th century, a Roman nobleman, Prince Don Agostino Chigi, reported that an autopsy was performed on the body of Pius VIII in 1830 after his sudden death...
Resisting the power of the Holy Roman Emperors in the tenth century, various Roman noble families, especially the Crescentii, opposed imperial-backed candidates for the papacy with their own candidates, with disastrous results. Benedict V was deposed by the Emperor in 964 after a month. Benedict VI, the Emperor's papal candidate, was thrown into prison in 974 by the Crescentii. Then the family set up an antiPope, Boniface VII, who had Benedict strangled in prison...
...first "involuntary conclave," in 1241, consisted of ten Cardinals who were shut up in a dilapidated palace by a powerful Roman senator to keep them from being influenced by Emperor Frederick II, then besieging the city. Three of the Cardinals died of brutal treatment; the remaining seven elected a Pope who died within 16 days, after excommunicating the bad senator...