Word: rule
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...hundreds of thousands of Arabs conditioned to hate it and incited to engineer its extinction," in the words of an official government document, "could only be an invitation to suicide." But would it? Many responsible Arabs believe that only a relatively few refugees would choose to live under Israeli rule, and that most would be content to receive payments that would enable them to settle permanently in Arab lands...
...more than seven centuries, both freedom and democracy eluded Finland, which silently submitted to the rule of its giant neighbors-first Sweden and then, after 1809, Czarist Russia. After revolution toppled the Czar in 1917, the Bolsheviks repudiated imperialism and granted Finland its demand for independence. Civil war broke out when Bolshevik followers tried to seize power in the newly independent state, and ended only when Mannerheim defeated the Communists and installed a democratic regime that excluded them-a victory that left a legacy of left-right hostility that still plagues the country...
Simple as it seemed, Bennie Joe's case raised questions about the Fourth Amendment guarantee against "unreasonable search and seizure." Last year a U.S. appellate court upheld the Hayden search as reasonable "hot pursuit." But the court also voided his conviction on the ground that a federal rule barred his seized clothes as evidence. For under a 1921 Supreme Court decision (Gouled v. U.S.), federal police were allowed to seize only four kinds of evidence: the loot of a crime; the tools by which it was committed; the means of escape, such as weapons; and contraband, such as counterfeit...
Property or Privacy? As the appellate court saw it, Mapp commanded states to follow the federal mere-evidence rule, which stemmed from the idea that the Fourth Amendment protected a person's private property from seizure. Unless the Government or the complainant could assert a superior interest in the property, said Gouled, the suspect was entitled to keep it. Straining to bypass the rule, courts have since typically barred original tax records or checks as the property of the accused and therefore mere evidence-while admitting photographic copies...
Last week the Supreme Court junked both state and federal use of the mere-evidence rule in a wide-ranging opinion that kept Bennie Joe Hayden in prison and cheered prosecutors across the country. Speaking for the six-man majority, Justice William J. Brennan held that the Fourth Amendment is primarily aimed at protecting privacy, not property. Over a hot dissent by Justice William O. Douglas,* who predicted police abuse, Brennan suggested that the mere-evidence rule did not protect privacy-and it surely prevented police from using the fruits of a reasonable search. Even so, Brennan warned police...