Word: ruling
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...violence stems partly from the manner of Haiti's birth. While revolution tore France in 1791, half a million black slaves rose against France's colonial rule. In two months they massacred more than 2,000 whites, razed more than 1,000 plantations. Haiti never recovered. The world's richest colony before the revolution, it is now a poorhouse. Only 23,470 Haitians out of 3,500,000 engage in middle-class occupations. As the economy strangled, politics turned into a business venture, with revolution the key to the treasury...
...Corot, Degas, Boucher, Guardi, Fragonard, Frans Hals, Van Dyck, Manet, Monet, Renoir. Eventually Gulbenkian made the same offer he had made London: all the pictures free forever-if the gallery built a special Gulbenkian annex to house them. With regret the National Gallery refused, stuck grimly to the rule that its permanent works be displayed by schools and periods, not by collectors...
...years Francis and his order of Frati Minori, or Little Brothers (they did not at first aspire to the priesthood), had become a mass movement dedicated to holy poverty. When Francis got around to writing down a formal rule for his order, he prescribed "vile vestments" and, in preaching, "brief discourses, because the Lord while on earth talked briefly...
...friar delegates at Assisi could also look out to a growing network of more or less affiliated Franciscan groups, for no order has been more beset with sectarianism. Soon after St. Francis' death, his simplicity and fervor living on in his followers caused a profusion of Franciscan-rule sects and splinter groups-Spirituals, Moderates. Celestines, Observants, Intransigents. In 1517 the Conventuals were constituted a separate order; they permit their monasteries to hold property (most other Franciscan property is held and administered by the Holy See), and they wear black habits, shoes and birettas. The more ascetic Franciscans split from...
...addition to these main groups today, there are other communities following the Franciscan rule, e.g., the Franciscan Friars of the Atonement, the Missionary Sisters of St. Francis...