Word: ruralization
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...public education, geography has long been destiny. Crippled by limited staffs and tight budgets, rural districts have often found it impossible to offer courses such as Russian and physics that are considered standard by their more cosmopolitan counterparts. Now all that is changing, thanks to the arrival of the electronic classroom. By using interactive video, even small, disadvantaged schools are gaining access to the most sophisticated instruction available, and all without losing the human touch...
Unlike America's yeoman farmers, the East European, Russian and Asian peasants were unlikely to own full title to their land or to produce more than their family and feudal overlord consumed. Their impoverished rural existence fostered these attributes of peasant societies: a leveling egalitarianism that prefers to see a neighbor fail in any efforts at improving his lot; envy that a neighbor may be better off, coupled with a belief that he must have cheated; suspicion of anything new, since most changes were for the worst; rampant superstition; and, finally, an unquestioning acceptance of a higher, distant authority, like...
Battalion members receive military training from Panama Defense Force instructors, including practice in shooting and hand-to-hand combat. Authorities claim that recruits, who are promised a gun and modest stipend, come mainly from lower middle-class and rural backgrounds. But government critics contend that the squads include convicted criminals released early from jail in exchange for signing up. Members of the Panama Defense Force also reportedly belong; opposition politicians say they have photographs of one man changing from his army fatigues into a Dignity shirt. And diplomats in Panama City insist they have proof that the Battalion member...
West Virginia's spectacular landscape belies the conditions facing its inhabitants: dying coal towns and widespread rural poverty and illiteracy. When a coal-company manager was hustled off to prison last month in Huntington for his role in a vote-buying scheme, it seemed simply more of the same: a handful of predators picking over the ruins of a once booming coal economy, and a stagnant, wasteful government...
...further irony was that regionalism, supposed to be the expression of American democracy, was in its pictorial essence the kissing cousin of official Soviet art in the '30s. If socialist realism meant sanitized images , of collective rural production, new tractors, bonny children and muscular workers, so did the capitalist realism proposed by Benton and Wood. Both were arts of idealization and propaganda. In aesthetic terms, little that Benton painted for the next 40 years would have seemed altogether out of place on the ceilings of the Moscow subway. Apart from this, the whole matter of Benton's racism is still...