Word: russian
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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What interested Western observers more than the disposition of the ships was the basic aims of Okean 1975. They appeared to be varied. Judging from groupings of Soviet merchant and hydrographic ships off the Azores and Japan, convoy maneuvers were involved. But whether Russian warships were practicing convoy escort or postulating the convoys as U.S. fleets-or U.S. tanker convoys-would await the same sort of computer analysis that the Pentagon carried out in connection with the first Okean. Even without computers, however, it was obvious that the Soviets had also practiced air reconnaissance and antisubmarine warfare, using not only...
Most significant for a global fleet, Okean 1975 tested "command and control" communications networks employing satellites and satellite relay. Using a mixture of very high and very low frequencies and linking even submerged submarines, the Russian navy apparently achieved near-instant communications. That would be a considerable asset in Gorshkov's "first salvo" concept, in which scattered Soviet fleets are supposed to undertake simultaneous attacks within a 90-second period...
Welcomed by vodka toasts to U.S.Soviet friendship, American astronauts arrived in Russia last week to begin the final round of joint training exercises for next July's historic linkup of a U.S. Apollo and a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft. Both the American and Russian crews were confident that the flight would be successful; they all signed the jug of vodka, recorked it and promised to polish it off when they got back from orbit...
...extent, the activities were a rerun of similar exercises last February at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, where NASA has set up comparable simulators. Last week NASA released the first photographs of these sessions, showing scenes that would have been unthinkable at the height of the space race: Russian and American spacemen sharing their rations, lying side by side on their couches and operating the controls of each other's craft...
...Russian Reassurances. As preparations for the mission continued, some American officials were still worried over the failure of the latest Soyuz flight (TIME, April 21). The Russians sought to reassure them. Referring to the Soyuz's emergency landing near the Chinese border, Major General Vladimir Shatalov, chief of cosmonaut training, said: "Of course, no one would have conducted such a test on purpose. But the flight did help confirm the Soyuz spaceship's full potentialities-in particular, the ability to save crewmen's lives in an extraordinary situation." That may indeed be true...