Word: salk
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...vaccine has been an object of medical interest and debate for over a decade. While the United States began to eradicate poliomyelitis in 1955, Dr. Sabin went on with his studies, sending his virus strains for field trials abroad where they would not interfere with the results of the Salk program. At the end of 1959, almost half the U.S. population had received a Salk shot, and already the occurrence of polio had dropped 80%. By the same time, Merck, Sharp, and Dohme Research Laboratories had shipped Sabin's live virus doses to Mexico, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Malaya, Singapore...
...Salk, Sabin, and other authorities and organizations had disagreed on the relative merits of the vaccines, but the dispute remained subdued until the AMA House of Delegates state, in March, 1961, that "the persistence of immunity induced by the oral [Sabin] vaccine may be of much longer duration than is the case with Salk vaccine and, in fact, the persistence of immunity may conceivably approach that induced by natural infection in type, degree, and duration." And while the AMA urged wider use of Salk injections until Sabin was licensed, it noted that the Sabin protects against both paralytic...
...Salk protested the AMA statement, accusing it of "misinformation and misleading references," and when he asked why he was not consulted in the matter, the AMA replied that it "wanted experts who were not protagonists." Salk expressed the fear that Sabin protection would simply reintroduce the live virus into the human environment, but Dr. Spring, secretary of the House of Delegates, rejoined that "everyone should get them as extra protection... In our opinion, the more vaccination the safer you are. This does not imply that the Salk vaccine is useless, but it is not perfect and at present a booster...
...check the possibility that the Sabin virus had caused the disease. In the U.S. eleven such cases were reported after 38,000,000 inoculations, and the victims had all exhibited symptoms after the use of Type III vaccine. In 1955 a similar situation occurred with 67 polio outbreaks after Salk treatment. Subsequent investigations revealed faulty production of "dead" virus by Cutter Laboratories. (Cutter later had to pay over a million dollars in damages...
...recommended that communities withhold Type III from adults, yet at the same time urged that all types be given to children. But many Communities decided to stop all Sabin activities and allowed their vaccination programs to flounder despite PHS pleas for more inoculations. These events elicited remarks from Dr. Salk in praise of his vaccine, protests from Sabin, a statement from New York Health Commissioner Hilleboe that he would only permit use of the Salk preparation, and a remark from Dr. Eichenwald of Cornell's New York Hospital insisting that oral vaccine "is safer and more effective against polio than...